YACUB MADE US

[Kephrem]

lighthouse said:

kephrem said:

For certain the Romans were "real people" who again were called the Devil, and the Edomites, from what I've come across in the archeological record, inhabited Petra which was later taken over by Nabataeans thus they were real people (according to that source) who dwelt in caves, they're also singled out as the chief enemy of God in the relevant scriptures.

the 'chief enemy' of god created by god

That's correct. Very good, you're learning.

'relevent scriptures'?
youre trippin man

Yeah meaning the scriptures that pertained to the last couple of posts which were Revelation 2:9-10.

But speaking of "tripping".

and just in case you havent read the other threads - we have already got past the white-devil issue here

it is not a revelation anymore

So because you and some cats on a messageboard "got past the white devil issue it's not a revelation anymore"... is that right? lol, man I tell you the devil is a trip....but anyway, I've said enough....PEACE to the true and Living.

[jonnygemini]

But anyway, what is the Chapter and verse where Josephus mentions "secret writings of the Cabala"?

(see Philo, ‘De Vita Contemplativa,’ iii., and Hippolytus, ‘Refutation of all Heresies,’ ix. 27)…” (Ibid.)

my people LIVED and passed that knowledge

so that your whole argument could consist of:

I don't give a fuck what position they had, or who they knew, and what interpretations they had of scripture. Fact is the WHITE MAN IS THE DEVIL

Maybe I am the devil, I stil have my red membership card from LaVey's COS...Even if some of your points are valid, I still think you're full of shit

You don't know what's the truth about Kabbalah and what's the fake shit called "Cabalistic", that's why you go on about "infiltration" and "pagan" nonsense.

Neither do you or you would understand the distinction I've been trying to draw between Torah observant Jewry (a dying breed) and the Zionists who worship strange Babylonian gods and rule us both with usury...but here educate yourself:

Not content with the destruction of Christianity, the Cabalists have also been busy extinguishing Torah Judaism. In his 1957 book on the Zionist Movement, titled The Transformation, I. Domb describes “the shattering situation of contemporary Judaism in which ninety-five percent of the Jewish people have been removed from the way of the Torah. There has been a spread of heresy in an unparalleled magnitude, in order to avoid any challenge of the process, or perhaps what might be called the suppression of the faith, lest the process be disturbed.” Domb continues to describe the near extinction of Torah Judaism among world Jewry, a fact of which few Gentiles are aware:

“Some have been completely removed, others still stand on the borderline, and there are indeed others who from every motive of hatred and malice, seek to destroy all that their fathers had cherished. Even the small minority, of those who have remained loyal to the observance of the Torah in practice, has been disturbed in its way of thought, attacked by a flood of distortion, demoralized, bewildered by errors, falsehoods and slanders.

“The very small section that remains untouched by all these tendencies is not only small but helpless. It lacks the means of publicity which are required to defend the genuine Torah point of view with clear statement widely distributed. The result is that the Jewish reader is deprived of the opportunity of finding out how the Torah demands that he should regard his plight and his obligations. He is thus allowed to fall a victim to opposing claims. Particularly is this true of those Jews whose reading is more or less confined to the English language. To their ears fail to find their way even the feeble protests that are made from time to time, from somewhere on the other side.” (The Transformation, Preface)

It is understandable how Cabalist Jews could subvert the faith of their Jewish brethren, but how is such deception on a grand scale possible? Jews who apostatized from the God of Israel and the Torah into pagan worship of strange gods set about to destroy the monotheistic faiths of Torah Judaism, Christianity and even Islam, about which more will be said later. These Cabalists were guided by evil spirits and equipped with supernatural powers, by means of the magical arts they studied, to infiltrate and take control of the Gentile institutions. This modus operandi was described by Edith Starr Miller, in Occult Theocracy: (which is an authoritative source if you know what you're talking about)

“The obligations and rules of the rite for the Jewish masses are contained in the Talmud and Schulchan Aruk, but the esoteric teachings of the higher initiates are to be found in the Cabala. Therein are contained the mysterious rites for evocations, the indications and keys to practices for conjuration of supernatural forces, the science of numbers, astrology, etc.

“The practical application of the Cabalist knowledge is manifested in the use made of it, through the ages, by Jews to gain influence both in the higher spheres of Gentile life and over the masses. Sovereigns and Popes, both, usually had one or more Jews as astrologers and advisers, and they frequently gave Jews control over their very life by employing them as physicians. Political power was thus gained by Jews in almost every Gentile country alongside with financial power, since Jewish court-bankers manipulated state funds and taxes.

“Through the ages also, can be followed the spreading power of the sect, and no more awful example of the devastating and destructive power of the penetration of a secret subversive society has ever been witnessed.

“With its B’nai B’rith Supreme Council as the directing head, the sect with its members swarming among all nations has become the sovereign power ruling in the councils of all nations and governing their political, economic, religious and educational policies.” (Occult Theocrasy, p. 76)

During the Middle Ages, the infiltration and conquest of Christendom was achieved by two methods. The Inquisition, which started in Spain in 1478, forced multitudes of Jews to renounce Judaism and to embrace Catholicism; these “converts” were called Conversos. Conversos typically went through the motions of the Roman Catholic religion, but remained Jews inwardly and practiced their Jewish rites in the privacy of their homes.

Other Jews, called Marranos (swine), feigned conversion to Christianity and practiced Roman Catholicism outwardly, while practicing Judaism, or Cabalism, privately. A number of Marranos took positions in the clergy. The motive of Conversos was self-preservation; the Marranos, destruction of the Church and all things Christian. The result of these parallel operations was the Jewish occupation of the Roman Catholic Church and its transformation into “MYSTERY BABYLON THE GREAT, THE MOTHER OF HARLOTS AND ABOMINATIONS OF THE EARTH.” The King James translation of Revelation 17 describes MYSTERY, BABYLON THE GREAT as the “great whore” and “that great city which sits upon seven mountains” (v.9).

“And there came one of the seven angels which had the seven vials, and talked with me, saying unto me, Come hither; I will shew unto thee the judgment of the great whore that sitteth upon many waters... So he carried me away in the spirit into the wilderness: and I saw a woman sit upon a scarlet coloured beast, full of names of blasphemy, having seven heads and ten horns. And the woman was arrayed in purple and scarlet colour, and decked with gold and precious stones and pearls, having a golden cup in her hand full of abominations and filthiness of her fornication: And upon her forehead was a name written, MYSTERY, BABYLON THE GREAT, THE MOTHER OF HARLOTS AND ABOMINATIONS OF THE EARTH. And I saw the woman drunken with the blood of the saints, and with the blood of the martyrs of Jesus: and when I saw her, I wondered with great admiration... The seven heads are seven mountains, on which the woman sitteth... And he saith unto me, The waters which thou sawest, where the whore sitteth, are peoples, and multitudes, and nations, and tongues... And the woman which thou sawest is that great city, which reigneth over the kings of the earth.”

In this passage, the word “mystery” identifies this entity as a mystery religion. “Babylon the Great” locates the origin of this mystery religion in ancient Babylon. “That great city” which sits upon “seven mountains” pinpoints the location of the Great Whore in Rome, which is known historically as the City on Seven Hills. The only religious system that presently answers to “MYSTERY, BABYLON THE GREAT” as described in Revelation 17 is the Roman Catholic Church.

Volumes have been written concerning the enormities of the Catholic Church — the centuries of the Inquisition with its tortures and bloodshed, wars of conquest and genocide, the promulgation of false doctrines and pagan traditions, sexual perversion and abuse within the clergy, not to mention the vast wealth of the Vatican, which has extorted money from widows and orphans to subsidize the lavish lifestyles of the popes and their papal courts, all of whom live like royalty whilst multitudes of their subjects dwell in abject poverty.

So you say ROMAN WHITE DEVILS

&

I say follow the arms of the octopus long enough and they all lead back to Judah

[UniverseSeven]

Revelation 2 KJV

8 And unto the angel of the church in Smyrna write; These things saith the first and the last, which was dead, and is alive;

9 I know thy works, and tribulation, and poverty, (but thou art rich) and I know the blasphemy of them which say they are Jews, and are not, but are the synagogue of Satan.

10 Fear none of those things which thou shalt suffer: behold, the devil shall cast some of you into prison, that ye may be tried; and ye shall have tribulation ten days: be thou faithful unto death, and I will give thee a crown of life.

11 He that hath an ear, let him hear what the Spirit saith unto the churches; He that overcometh shall not be hurt of the second death.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------


"These things saith the first and the last, which was dead, and is alive;"


God, Black Man, Heru/Horus/Jesus, the Sun, Universal Conciousness speaks to the Black People and those with ears.


"Fear none of those things which thou shalt suffer: behold, the devil shall cast some of you into prison, that ye may be tried; and ye shall have tribulation ten days: be thou faithful unto death, and I will give thee a crown of life."


God says not to fear what will be done, because the outcome is pre-determined.


"the devil shall cast some of you into prison, that ye may be tried; and ye shall have tribulation ten days: be thou faithful unto death, and I will give thee a crown of life."


The devil, God refers to is indeed Rome and by extension the system of white supremacy. No matter what is done, do not lose faith in God and yourself even in the face of certain death, because by having faith in Him you can know of surety what lies ahead (the Crown of Life).

Prison is literal and symbolic, the physical prison and the mental prison of Mystery Babylon (America) and Antichrist (Rome).


"I know thy works, and tribulation, and poverty, (but thou art rich) and I know the blasphemy of them which say they are Jews, and are not, but are the synagogue of Satan."


God knows the works, tribulation, and poverty of the Black People, He says despite the physical poverty, we are rich inwardly.


"and I know the blasphemy of them which say they are Jews, and are not, but are the synagogue of Satan."


God is talking about the Pharisees and their converts ( synagogue of Satan ), which claim the blood of Abraham when they are not of his lineage. It is comprised of white European, Caucasian, and Russian converts like the Khazars and other groups i.e the false jews.


That is how I interpret Rev. c2 v8 - 11


Mystery Babylon = America

Antichrist and the Beast = Rome/Europe

Synagogue of Satan = False jews associated with both
of the above.

[Healthy Merking]

kephrem said:

PEACE to the true and Living.

this coming from a man who worships books

for three whole years i have been reading your shit on the internet

1000 days

and thru all that time

you and i are still building in the same places

doesnt that tell you anything yet?



on a website that has been without barely any inflammatory instances in the past year
you drop into a thread and start slinging shit around
and then try to state the obvious things that have already been established

is that progressive?



i thought you toned that shit down man

you seemed pretty reasonable over the last little while

whats wrong?

are you getting restless?


a lot of people use the internet to vent their frustrations

i guess you might as well do it too


we will see who is around when the dust settles

good luck with your campaigning

[Healthy Merking]

from my standpoint

the real irony would be if kephrem turned out to be a middle aged white woman from minneapolis

and i am allowing myself to be aggravated for no reason




thats the way it goes on this planet

[Kephrem]

jonnygemini said:

But anyway, what is the Chapter and verse where Josephus mentions "secret writings of the Cabala"?

(see Philo, ‘De Vita Contemplativa,’ iii., and Hippolytus, ‘Refutation of all Heresies,’ ix. 27)…” (Ibid.)

I asked for the chapoter and verse in JOSEPHUS not PHILO and Hippolytus.

so that your whole argument could consist of:

If you're going to repond to my points I'd appreciate it if you would do it in the context of the discussion. Thank you.

Maybe I am the devil, I stil have my red membership card from LaVey's COS...Even if some of your points are valid, I still think you're full of shit

I refer you to my previous point, see above.

Neither do you or you would understand the distinction I've been trying to draw between Torah observant Jewry (a dying breed) and the Zionists who worship strange Babylonian gods and rule us both with usury...but here educate yourself:

Zionists don't worship "strange Babylonian gods" they worship the energy whch makes them Satan/the devil.

Not content with the destruction of Christianity,

They had nothing to do with that, there were many factors that played into it, not some spell casting so-called Jews. smh

the Cabalists have also been busy extinguishing Torah Judaism. In his 1957 book on the Zionist Movement, titled The Transformation, I. Domb describes “the shattering situation of contemporary Judaism in which ninety-five percent of the Jewish people have been removed from the way of the Torah.

The Jewsh people are the same kin as the Zionists, and the're both fake.

No need to respond to the rest when you can't even distinguish that point.

Are you a so-called Jew Johnnygemini?

So you say ROMAN WHITE DEVILS

&

I say follow the arms of the octopus long enough and they all lead back to Judah

So do the Aryans, do you think you were the first to promote that?

If it all goes "back to Judah" explain how the Masons and the Illuminati deal with the knowledge and sciences of the ancient dark races and not 'Judaic teaching'. In fact dont explain it, because your knowledge/understanding is lacking. The fact is that the white boy was taught by BLACK MEN - BROWN MEN, ORIGINAL MAN in Europe, Asia, and Africa occult knowledge and that's how they (their leaders) were able to rise up during the Renasaince. And even before that in Greece and Rome when they invaded the east -- Kemet, Arabia, India. In Spain with the Moors, etc.

[Kephrem]

lighthouse said:

kephrem said:

PEACE to the true and Living.

this coming from a man who worships books

Show and Prove. Quote where I've said I "worship books" or where I suggested that I did.

If I remember correctly a while back you were the one treating some I-CHING book(s) like they gave you the fuckin HOLY GHOST.

for three whole years i have been reading your shit on the internet

1000 days

Funny, I've been doing the EXACT OPPOSITE when I come across one of your manic posts.

When do YOU plan on actually addressing my "shit" instead of writing riddles and saying "the white being the devil is not revelation" anymore? Stop your fucking lying, babies and newborns are waking up to knowledge of their self on a daily basis.

and thru all that time

you and i are still building in the same places

doesnt that tell you anything yet?

How exactly do you clam to be building when you say shit like the statement above??

on a website that has been without barely any inflammatory instances in the past year

Blame your boy Johnny for starting that shit. Or didn't you read the actual posts that started the "inflammatory instances"??

you drop into a thread and start slinging shit around
and then try to state the obvious things that have already been established

is that progressive?

But "Yacub made us", Biblical scriptures thrown around and interpreed to fit that story, and Malcolm X quotes from the 60's is progressive?? lol@ that shit

i thought you toned that shit down man

I can use water with fire or fire with fire, again look at your boy geminis post. (#41)

you seemed pretty reasonable over the last little while

whats wrong?

See above.

are you getting restless?

See above.

a lot of people use the internet to vent their frustrations

i guess you might as well do it too

See above.

we will see who is around when the dust settles

That would be those who look/looked like the dust.

good luck with your campaigning

I was responding to specific points in the thread, if you can't deal with the subject at hand, and my specific points, and you just wanted to add your sideline commentary, then by all means.... do you.

[Kephrem]

lighthouse said:

from my standpoint

the real irony would be if kephrem turned out to be a middle aged white woman from minneapolis

Shit...that would almost make me be like YOU wouldn't it??

[Healthy Merking]

fuck

this whole shit seems like an old married couple now

there is about a half dozen people who check this site with any regularity

and even they are sick of each other



from my standpoint
you have thusfar been unwilling to take the trip to toronto and shoot me in the face to end my existance on this planet
but yet
you want me to sit here and listen to how horrible the devil is?
can you hurry up and get this shit over with?


do you chastise a tree for being a tree?
or
do you stand outside and give it a lecture about the history of trees and how bad they are for the planet

do you have a secret fetish for white girls?




you already know why i dont respond to your historical nonsense

i made my point on that a million times




the i ching is also bullshit
but
it seems to be a cleaner form of bullshit than the rest of the books

[Healthy Merking]

kephrem said:

When do YOU plan on actually addressing my "shit" instead of writing riddles and saying "the white being the devil is not revelation" anymore? Stop your fucking lying, babies and newborns are waking up to knowledge of their self on a daily basis.

oh shit
my bad
i take everything i said back
he is doing this for the thousands of lost children coming to this website who might not realize that this website is secretly being used to plot world domination

kephrem is the dude in the corner with the S on his chest

[Kephrem]

lighthouse said:

you already know why i dont respond to your historical nonsense

i made my point on that a million times

This is the only part of your comments I care about. You're claiming it's "historical nonsense" and you even doubted they existed (lol@ the Romans not being historical) but when I brought the history up you didn't offer ANYTHING of substance as to WHY you assert that. Save your corny ass diatribes, and come with the FACTS.

[Healthy Merking]

kephrem said:

lighthouse said:

you already know why i dont respond to your historical nonsense

i made my point on that a million times

This is the only part of your comments I care about. You're claiming it's "historical nonsense" and you even doubted they existed (lol@ the Romans not being historical) but when I brought the history up you didn't offer ANYTHING of substance as to WHY you assert that. Save your corny ass diatribes, and come with the FACTS.

bullshit

i came into this discussion with the point being that the romans (or devils or whatever term you want to use)
did what they did because they were stupid

and
that what they did
and what has happened throughout history
was planned in advnce

in contrast to your posts
which seem to imply that they are some sort of hollywood villain






the FACT is that this world seems to be a mess
and one of the reasons it is a mess is because TRICKS keep on being misrepresented as FACTS


what differentiates your facts from being just another form of hollywood gossip available at most grocery stores?

[jonnygemini]

Are you a so-called Jew Johnnygemini?

but then I'm a Nazi

So do the Aryans, do you think you were the first to promote that?

My last name makes me wonder if I come from Jewish ancestry (JACOB)...Actually I wish I was just so I could piss you off by being the living embodiment of all you hate...A ROMAN WHITE DEVIL JEW....BOO!

If anyone can law a claim to a "chosen people" mentality here it's you...You type like you actually believe you are a superior being to anyone who is not black or brown...

While I recognize originality and the esoteric history of this world...I'm not inferior to you.

If it all goes "back to Judah" explain how the Masons and the Illuminati deal with the knowledge and sciences of the ancient dark races and not 'Judaic teaching'. In fact dont explain it, because your knowledge/understanding is lacking. The fact is that the white boy was taught by BLACK MEN - BROWN MEN, ORIGINAL MAN in Europe, Asia, and Africa occult knowledge and that's how they (their leaders) were able to rise up during the Renasaince. And even before that in Greece and Rome when they invaded the east -- Kemet, Arabia, India. In Spain with the Moors, etc.

Are you saying the Renissance, Grecian/Roman periods, Moors in Spain predate Babylonian conquest of Israel??
ORIGINAL KNOWLEDGE is not black magic...Baal whorship is. Understand the distinction

Your mastery of scripture should inform you what comes before a fall...

[Healthy Merking]

kephrem said:

bullshit
i came into this discussion with the point being that the romans (or devils or whatever term you want to use)
did what they did because they were stupid
and
that what they did
and what has happened throughout history
was planned in advnce

They were "stupid" you say?

This kindergarten like assesment of the great Roman Empire I must disagree with.

well
what term do you want to use for people who enslave and kill and try to conquer the planet?

is that not stupid?


and on another topic
does a kindergarten child not seem to have a bit more sophistication about 'right' and 'wrong' than the average adult?

what differentiates your facts from being just another form of hollywood gossip available at most grocery stores?

So now the white man being the devil is in the realm of "hollywood gossip"?? That's news to me.

you bend arguments like a lawyer
favorite profession of the false jews

[jonnygemini]

Some Jews may have picked up mystic doctrines during Talmudic times but the "Cabala" didn't come into play until the MIDDLES AGES in EUROPE.

I got chapter & verse right here for Flavius Josephus

Antiquity of the Cabala via:www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=1&letter=C

How old the Cabala is, may be inferred from the fact that as early a writer as Ben Sira warns against it in his saying: = "Thou shalt have no business with secret things" (Ecclus. [Sirach] iii. 22; compare Ḥag. 13a; Gen. R. viii.). In fact, the apocalyptic literature belonging to the second and first pre-Christian centuries contained the chief elements of the Cabala; and as, according to Josephus (l.c.), such writings were in the possession of the Essenes, and were jealously guarded by them against disclosure, for which they claimed a hoary antiquity (see Philo, "De Vita Contemplativa," iii., and Hippolytus, "Refutation of all Heresies," ix. 27), the Essenes have with sufficient reason been assumed by Jellinek ("B. H." ii., iii., Introductions and elsewhere), by Plessner ("Dat Mosheh wi-Yehudit," pp. iv. 47 et seq.), by Hilgenfeld ("Die Jüdische Apokalyptik," 1857, p. 257), by Eichhorn ("Einleitung in die Apoc. Schriften des Alten Testaments," 1795, pp. 434 et seq.), by Gaster ("The Sword of Moses," 1896, Introduction), by Kohler ("Test. Job," in Kohut Memorial Volume, pp. 266, 288 et seq.), and by others to be the originators of the Cabala.

That many such books containing secret lore were kept hidden away by the "wise" is clearly stated in IV Esdras xiv. 45-46, where Pseudo-Ezra is told to publish the twenty-four books of the canon openly that the worthy and the unworthy may alike read, but to keep the seventy other books hidden in order to "deliver them only to such as be wise" (compare Dan. xii. 10); for in them are the spring of understanding, the fountain of wisdom, and the stream of knowledge (compare Soṭah xv. 3). A study of the few still existing apocryphal books discloses the fact, ignored by most modern writers on the Cabala and Essenism, that "the mystic lore" occasionally alluded to in the Talmudic or Midrashic literature (compare Zunz, "G. V." 2d ed., pp. 172 et seq.; Joël, "Religionsphilosophie des Sohar," pp. 45-54) is not only much more systematically presented in these older writings, but gives ample evidence of a continuous cabalistic tradition; inasmuch as the mystic literature of the geonic period is only a fragmentary reproduction of the ancient apocalyptic writings, and the saints and sages of the tannaic period take in the former the place occupied by the Biblical protoplasts, patriarchs, and scribes in the latter.

Cabalistic Elements in the Apocrypha.

So, also, does the older Enoch book, parts of which have been preserved in the geonic mystic literature (see Jellinek, l.c., and "Z. D. M. G." 1853, p. 249), by its angelology, demonology, and cosmology, give a fuller insight into the "Merkabah" and "Bereshit" lore of the ancients than the "Hekalot," which present but fragments, while the central figure of the Cabala, Meṭaṭron-Enoch, is seen in ch. lxx.-lxxi. in a process of transformation. The cosmogony of the Slavonic Enoch, a product of the first pre-Christian century (Charles, "The Book of the Secrets of Enoch," 1896, p. xxv.), showing an advanced stage compared with the older Enoch book, casts a flood of light upon the rabbinical cosmogony by its realistic description of the process of creation (compare ch. xxv.-xxx. and Ḥag. 12a et seq.; Yer. Ḥag. ii. 77a et seq.; Gen. R. i.-x.). Here are found the primal elements, "the stones of fire" out of which "the Throne of Glory" is made, and from which the angels emanate; "the glassy sea" (), beneath which the seven heavens, formed of fire and water (), are stretched out, and the founding of the world upon the abyss (); the preexistence of human souls (Plato, "Timæus," 36; Yeb. 63b; Nid. 30b), and the formation of man by the Creative Wisdom out of seven substances (see Charles, note to ch. xxvi. 5 and xxx. 8, who refers to Philo and the Stoics for analogies); the ten classes of angels (ch. xx.); and, in ch. xxii., version A, ten heavens instead of seven, and an advanced chiliastic calendar system (ch. xv.-xvi., xxxii.; see Millennium). Its cabalistic character is shown by references to the writings of Adam, Seth, Cainan, Mahalalel, and Jared (ch. xxxiii. 10, and elsewhere).

History of the Kabbalah via:freemasonry.bcy.ca/texts/kabbalah.html

After the destruction of the Second Temple of Jerusalem (70 CE), many Jews who relocated to Egypt were influenced by the Alexandrian Pythagoreans. Jewish leaders and intellectuals such as Artapanos, Philon the Alexandrian, the historian Josephus Flavius, the Hasmoneans, Johanan Hurcanus, Alexander Jannean, Hanoch, Hillel, Johanan ben-Zakkai, and others were central figures of this spiritual-scientific development. The esoteric Jewish theosophy , or religious mystic philosophy, developed from about this time. In the absence of a central spiritual leadership, under foreign and hostile rule, some regional Jewish schools developed into sects such as the Essenes, Nazarenes, Pharisees, and Sadducees.

The Jewish Kabbalah reached its peak during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, arguably responsible for the development of both science and mysticism in Europe. In the eleventh and twelfth centuries the greatest contributions to science were made by Jewish scholars, especially in Spain. Names known from religious sources as "Rabbis" and "Kabbalists", are known in history books of mathematics and science as outstanding inventors and developers.

The Scriptures via:
www.historychannel.com/thcsearch/thc_resourcedetail.do?encyc_id=211602

Hebrew literature may be divided chronologically into 12 periods. Ancient Hebrew literature consists mainly of the Old Testament (see BIBLE,), and the first three periods of the literature were devoted to the writing of various portions of the Old Testament. In the first period, which extended from earliest times to about 950 bc, were written many of the lyrics found in the Old Testament. To the second period (c. 950–586 bc) belong most of the historical narratives concerning the kings of Israel and Judah, some of the PSALMS (q.v.), and the oracles of certain prophets. During the third period (586–165 bc) the books of the Bible known as the Writings, specifically, ECCLESIASTES,, JOB,, PROVERBS, (qq.v.), and a large part of the Psalms were composed. Many apocryphal writings also originated during this time, and a major portion of the Old Testament was translated from Hebrew into Greek by Jewish scholars living in Egypt.

In the fourth period (165 bc–ad 135), the MIDRASH (q.v.), which had been begun during the Babylonian captivity, was divided into two parts, the HALAKAH and the HAGGADA (qq.v.). Among other works of this period were a number of the APOCALYPTIC WRITINGS, (q.v.) of the Old Testament, including those pseudonymously ascribed to Moses, the prophet Daniel, the patriarch Enoch, and the priest and reformer Ezra; the DEAD SEA SCROLLS, (q.v.), attributed to Jewish monastic communities of the Essene type; and the writings of the philosopher Philo Judaeus and of the historian Flavius Josephus. (See also TARGUM,.)